The Defender-class assault carrier was a starfightercarrier first deployed by the New Republic shortly before the Black Fleet Crisis.
Defender-class assault carrierProduction informationManufacturerLine
ModelClassUnsc CarrierTechnical specificationsLengthMaximum atmospheric speedHyperdrive ratingShieldingSensor systemsArmament
Light anti-fighter laser cannons (20)
Complement
CrewMinimum crewPassengersCargo capacityConsumablesUsageAvailabilityRole(s)AffiliationCharacteristicsEdit
These ships served as starfighter platforms, and were very lightly armed. They lacked heavy guns, and were only armed with 20 light anti-starfighter laser cannons for self-defense. The Defender-class assault carrier was equipped with a Class 1 hyperdrive, and had a crew of 4,050 in addition to 20 gunners.
In addition to its starfighters, the Defender-class assault carrier also held assault shuttles and various personnel transports for its 700 troops.
HistoryEdit
The 700-meter-long Defender-class was originally designed as part of the Defender program in the early years of the New Republic. They were eventually folded into the New Class Modernization Program, under which these assault carriers also lent their basic hull-design to the Majestic-class heavy cruiser.
Each of these ships was home to three New Republic wings, sometimes consisting of a single type of starfighter. The majority of Defender-class carriers in the New Republic Fifth Battle Group carried E-wing starfighterwings, while a few were dedicated to supporting K-wing bomber wings. Only one of these ships actually carried Defender starfighters, the starfighter it was originally designed to host.
Behind the scenesEdit
The only official image of the Defender-class assault carrier is found in the RPG sourcebook Cracken's Threat Dossier. Like the pictures of other New Class ships, this picture is problematic when set against information from The Black Fleet Crisis novels, on which Cracken's Threat Dossier is based: the Majestic and Defender classes look nothing alike, even though they are supposed to be built on the same hull. Because of this, it is hard to know what these two classes 'really' look like.
Cracken's Threat Dossier originally gave the assault carrier one wing of fighers. This equals 36 fighers in the New Republic and was an oddly small number for a dedicated carrier of that size. The newer The Essential Guide to Warfare provided the more suitable fact that three wings were meant to be housed.
AppearancesEditSourcesEditExternal linksEdit
One year before the Battle of Yavin, the Galactic Empire introduced a new type of Starfighter carrier known as the Regent-class Assault Carrier. Heavily based on the Quasar Fire-class, this new carrier was built with better defenses and weapons, including missile emplacements and torpedoes. It's these modifications that gave the class 'more bite' than the Quasar Fire-class. The Regent-class was designed to hold far more TIE fighters and shuttlecraft than a standard Star Destroyer with six huge hanger bays. Regent-class Assault Carriers would be assigned to a battlegroup or squadron to provide extra starfighters during combat operations. However, they lacked powerful turbolasers like regular Star Destroyers. To make up this, these ships were equipped with stronger shields and armor. At the end of the Galactic Civil War, hundreds of Reaper-class ships were taken by the newly formed New Republic to help form the New Republic Starfleet. However, there were still a number of these ships in Imperial hands who fled to the Unknown Regions to reorganize into the First Order. So it maybe be possible that the Regent-class Assault Carriers still remain in active service during the First Order-Resistance conflict.
Regent-class Assault Carrier
Production information
Manufacturer
Kuat Drive Yards
Model
Regent-class Assault Carrier
Class
Assault cruiser/carrier hybrid
Technical specifications
Length
1,000 meters
Maximum atmospheric speed
975 kilometers per hour
Engine unit(s)
Cygnus Spaceworks Gemon-4 ion engines
Hyperdrive system
Equipped
Shielding
Equipped
Armament
Turbolaser batteries (10) Tractor beam projectors (1) Missile emplacements Torpedoes
Docking bays
6
Complement
TIE/LN starfighters (100) TIE/IN interceptor TIE/sa bomber Sentinel-class landing craft (10) Lambda-class T-4a Shuttles (6)
Crew
6,000 Usage
Role(s)
Starfighter carrier Carrier Mobile base
Year introduced
Sometime prior to 0 ABY
Affiliation
Galactic Empire Imperial Military Imperial Navy
The America-class amphibious assault ships (formerly the LHA(R) class) of the U.S. Navy are designed to put ashore a Marine Expeditionary Unit using helicopters and MV-22B OspreyV/STOL transport aircraft, supported by AV-8B Harrier II or F-35 Lightning II V/STOL aircraft and various attack helicopters. The first of these warships was commissioned by the U.S. Navy in 2014 to replace USS Peleliu of the Tarawa class; as many as eleven will be built.[2] The design of the America class is based on that of USS Makin Island, the last ship of the Wasp class, but the 'Flight 0' ships of the America class will not have well decks, and they have smaller on-board hospitals in order to give more space for aviation uses.
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Although they only carry helicopters and V/STOL aircraft, USS America, with a displacement of about 45,000 long tons (46,000 t), is similar in size to the French Charles de Gaulle and the Indian Vikramaditya fixed-wing aircraft carriers. Also, while more than 120 feet (37 m) shorter, they are of comparable displacement to the former US Navy Midway-class aircraft carriers.
USS America can be used as a small aircraft carrier with a squadron of jet fighters plus several multipurpose helicopters, such as the MH-60 Seahawk. It can carry about 20 AV-8Bs, F-35Bs, or a mixture of the two, but the future ships of this class, starting with USS Bougainville (LHA-8), will have smaller aircraft hangars to leave room for larger amphibious warfarewell decks.[8]
Design[edit]
America is based on the design of USS Makin Island, herself an improved version of the Wasp-class amphibious assault ships with gas turbine power. About 45 percent of the 'Flight 0' design of this class is based on that of Makin Island, but with her well deck omitted to allow more room for aircraft, their spare parts and weapons, and their fuel.[9] The gas turbines of Makin Island, America, and her possible successors use JP-5 fuel[citation needed] which is the same fuel used by their helicopters, the jet engines of their AV-8B Harrier and MV-22 Osprey fixed–wing aircraft and, in future ships, the gas turbines of the Landing Craft Air Cushions (LCACs) that they could carry in their well decks. This commonality greatly simplifies the storage, distribution, and use of the fuels.
The typical aircraft complement for the first two vessels is expected to be 12 MV-22B Osprey transports, six F-35B Lightning IISTOVL multirole jet aircraft, four CH-53K heavy transport helicopters, seven AH-1Z/UH-1Y attack/utility helicopters, and two Navy MH-60S 'Knighthawks' for air-sea rescue.[6] The exact make-up of the ship's aircraft complements will vary according to her mission. She can carry about 20 AV-8Bs or F-35Bs, and two MH-60Ses[6] to serve as a small aircraft carrier as demonstrated by Landing Helicopter Dock (LHD) operations in Operation Iraqi Freedom.[10]
The U.S. Marine Corps is now more concerned about anti-ship missile attacks from fast attack craft. To counter such attacks the Commandant of the Marine Corps[which?] wants to keep the amphibious ships farther offshore. For this Marines would be sent ashore in long-ranged MV-22 V/STOL aircraft. The MV-22 is significantly larger than the largest helicopters used by the U.S. Marine Corps and the U.S. Navy in the past. To accommodate these requirements, America has twice the displacement of the retired Iwo Jima-class amphibious assault ships.[11]
The America-class amphibious assault ships are engineered with a hybrid-electric propulsion system derived from the one used on Makin Island. The ships can use gas-turbines for high speeds and the diesel-electric engines when operating in situations that require lower speeds like close to shore.[12] Setting the beam of America at 106 feet (32 m) was dictated by the need for these ships to pass through the Panama Canal. The Congressional Budget Office found that if before 2040 the price of oil reached and remained above $140 per barrel then the use of nuclear propulsion for LH(X)-class ships would be more cost-effective.[13]
A modified version of the design of America, designated the MPF(F), LHA(R), or T-LHA(R), was proposed for two ships of the Maritime Prepositioning Force (Future).[14] The MPF(F) is the Navy's concept for a 'sea base' to support operations ashore starting in about 2025.[15] These two ships would hypothetically be manned by a civilian crew from the Military Sealift Command and not armed with weapons.[14] Funding for the MPF(F) and the LHA(R) was tabled by the Senate Armed Services Committee in the fiscal year 2008 budget.[14] The U.S. Navy now intends to buy more ships of the America class for its fleet of amphibious warfare ships.[15]
The so-called 'LHX' was a warship that was proposed in the late 1990s to replace the Tarawa-class amphibious assault ships, but with a dry deck for hovercraft rather than a floodable 'well deck'. After 2000, the LHX, the so-called 'Amphibious Assault Ship Future Replacement', was put forward to replace all of the LHDs.[16] The new LHX could be a Flight 2 design of the America class built with a well deck and a smaller island superstructure, which would give it 20 percent more capacity on the flight deck.[16] This would remove the current restriction on MV-22s to land on spots 5 and 6, and also giving room for four MV-22B, three F-35B Lightning IIs, or three CH-53Ks to use the flight deck. In 2008, the procurement of Flight 2 ships was tentatively planned for 2024,[16] but that might not be practical or affordable by then.
In January 2014, the U.S. Navy began taking measures on America in order to reduce damage from excessive heat given off by the F-35B and MV-22 to prolong the life of the flight deck. The F-35B engine gives off much more heat than the previous AV-8B Harrier STOVL fighter and the MV-22 Osprey's heat exhaust has been known to damage flight decks. Plans include 14 different modifications to the ship and limiting the number of flight operations that are conducted off the deck. The U.S. Navy is looking for cost-effective solutions that will not affect the combat effectiveness of America. Restricting the number of flight operations is not expected to decrease its usefulness as amphibious assault ships are made to support quick assaults, while full-sized aircraft carriers have the mission of conducting sustained air operations. Lessons learned from these measures will be applied to Tripoli and Bougainville under construction, which will allow them to perform 'complete unrestricted operations.'[17] Minor modifications to America are as small as putting covers over life rafts and refueling stations and moving antennas.[18]
Well deck[edit]
Further warships in this class will have a well deck for amphibious warfare[19] in their sterns to contain landing craft, such as the Landing Craft Air Cushion (LCAC), as in Tarawa-class LHAs and Wasp-class amphibious assault ships.
The addition of a well deck will leave less space for aircraft on board the ships, but the 'Early Operational Assessment' of 2005 criticized the 'Flight 0' design because the expanded aviation facilities gave no space for a well deck. Xps mapping vs imaging. Also, USS America has reduced stowage space for military vehicles, and the size of her hospital was reduced by two-thirds with respect to the Wasp-class ships.[6]
Before he became the Under Secretary of the Navy, Robert O. Work also brought into question the usefulness of an amphibious warfare ship without a well deck. The concept of the Landing Platform Helicopter (LPH) had failed when their helicopters met enemy anti-aircraft systems off the coast of Lebanon during the late 1970s. In that case, Marines first had to be moved onto ships that had well decks.[11]
The third ship of the class (USS Bougainville (LHA-8)) will be the first in its class with a well deck for deploying amphibious vehicles. While there was emphasis on lighter ground vehicles in the late 1990s, up-armored and heavier vehicles were used during operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. Future counterinsurgency operations require ships that can carry and deliver those vehicles, including through use of shore connectors; cargo lift requirements are met more expensively by aircraft airlifting equipment. Adding the well deck will require the ship's island to be slightly smaller compared to its two predecessors. Early design work with funds will begin in 2015, detailed design work and construction will start in 2017, and the LHA-8 will enter service in 2024.[18]
History[edit]
Launch of USS Tripoli (LHA-7) at Huntington Ingalls Industries in Pascagoula, Mississippi in 2017
The program started in July 2001,[9] with development beginning in October 2005,[9] the production decision was made in January 2006,[9] and construction of LHA-6 began in December 2008.[9] The keel-laying ceremony was on 17 July 2009[10] with delivery originally planned for August 2012.[9] As of 2009, delivery was planned for February 2013[9] and initial capability for February 2014,[9] but delivery has now been further delayed into FY2014.[19]
Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding was awarded $48.1M for 'additional planning and advanced engineering services in support of the LHA replacement (LHA[R]) Flight 0 amphibious assault ship (LHA 7)' on 28 October 2010, to run until May 2012.[20] It is tentatively scheduled for delivery in 2017. In January 2011 development problems led to the F-35B program being placed on probation for two years, and plans for LHA-7 could change if the F-35B is canceled.[21]
In April 2012, Contract N00024-10-C-2229 was issued to Huntington Ingalls Industries, in which funding for steel plate purchase for LHA-7 is planned, and announced requirement for additional four ships (to LHA-10). LHA-7 will be laid down in April 2013 and her commission is planned in 2018.[22]
On 4 May 2012, Secretary of the NavyRay Mabus announced the selection of USS Tripoli as the name for the Navy's next large-deck amphibious assault ship (LHA-7).[23]
On 13 June 2014, the U.S. Department of Defense announced through its website, that DOD had rewarded General Dynamics National Steel and Shipbuilding Co., San Diego, California modification to the reward as part design/development work on LHA-8 for $23,500,000.[24]
On 20 June 2014, Tripoli's shipyard, Ingalls Shipyards, authenticated the ship's keel in ceremony by the ship's sponsor, Lynne Mabus, wife of Secretary of the Navy, Ray Mabus.[25]
Ships in class[edit]
References[edit]Notes[edit]
External links[edit]
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